In February, when the world barely knew the name COVID-19, Marina Oshana had what she thought was the flu or some other bug.

“I’m an avid Jazzerciser. I love to dance. I was working out five or six days a week,” the UC Davis professor emerita of philosophy said on the Dec. 3 edition of UC Davis LIVE. “I noticed during the cardio portion of the class, I would get fatigued. It was very strange. It seemed to come on suddenly.”

Her “bug” was SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus, and her COVID-19 case was fairly middle-of-the-pack in terms of intensity. She had a “wicked sore throat” for a day, some exhaustion and about two weeks of a bad cough.

Then she was no longer a “midpack” COVID-19 patient. Some symptoms never went away. Some new ones emerged. Nine months later, Oshana is still fighting fatigue and breathing issues, and her oxygen levels wobble up and down, frequently dropping into dangerous territory. Oshana has become what is being called a COVID-19 “long-hauler.”

“When I’m out walking, I definitely cannot keep up the pace,” she said. “I can get out of breath almost immediately sometimes.”

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Christian Sandrock, a UC Davis Health professor of pulmonary and critical care medicine, said Oshana is both typical and atypical of long-haulers — because their symptoms and the severities of the symptoms are enormously varied. And there is no playbook for who might become a long-hauler and how badly they might suffer.

“We’ve had some patients who were profoundly ill in our intensive care unit, then they recovered and had no other symptoms,” Sandrock said. “And some patients will do fine at first and are never admitted to the hospital. Then they have these effects that last and last.”

There are other frightening aspects, he said, including:

• Wide-ranging symptoms — They include respiratory issues and fatigue, like what Oshana is experiencing. Other long-haulers may have a lasting cough, body aches, a continued loss of smell and taste, or — maybe the most confounding — what has been described as brain fog. That’s when thinking clearly becomes hard. “Some patients may have one of these symptoms and some will have a combination,” Sandrock said. “We just don’t know why yet.”
• No precise statistics — Some studies estimate about 10 percent of COVID-19 patients have symptoms that won’t go away, but Sandrock said he’s also seen literature reporting upwards of 20 percent.
• How long is long? — “Unfortunately,” Sandrock said, “we don’t know that, either.” For some people, it’s a few months. For others, like Oshana, they are still experiencing symptoms after nine months.

Post-COVID-19 Clinic

In response to the growing number of long-haul patients, UC Davis Health recently launched the region’s first Post-COVID-19 Clinic to provide streamlined, comprehensive care from a range of expert specialists. Sandrock is among the physicians providing care for clinic patients.

GREAT QUESTIONS, BUT ...

• Are long-haulers contagious? — “That’s a great question,” Sandrock said. “At what point you transfer over from being infectious to noninfectious is a discussion. We’re pretty clear that patients who are symptomatic for four months are probably not contagious. But when they stop being contagious is not clear.”
• Can the long-haul symptoms cause permanent damage? — This is another area where the answers are not clear.

“Our worry as health care providers is that we don’t know how many of these symptoms are permanent, or if there is permanent damage being done,” Sandrock said.

He said some patients who have been seriously ill from COVID-19 develop acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS, which can permanently scar their lungs. But it’s not clear if there is any scarring for long-haulers like Oshana who have respiratory issues but not at the severe level of ARDS.

Other patients with long-haul loss of smell and taste worry about permanent damage, too.

“My thought is that those symptoms probably won’t be permanent,” Sandrock said. “We think for most people, there will be resolution. The question is, How long will it take?”

“We’re realizing it’s a very multidisciplinary event,” he said. “Patients need multiple specialists and they need a specialty clinic where everything they’re dealing with can be evaluated and treated. It can be a scary thing and people need a place to go.”

UC Davis Health is one of only a handful of health systems in the United States to create a clinic that cares for long-haul patients. UC Davis Health research is also connected with the clinic, with the goal of finding answers about the causes and the care needs of long-haul COVID-19 patients.

Useful lessons

Sandrock and Oshana said there are lessons for everyone from Oshana’s case, regardless of whether they have been a COVID-19 patient. It starts with taking health precautions seriously. For post-COVID-19 patients, don’t shrug off signs that your symptoms aren’t going away.

“As you go about your daily life, like walking or riding your bike, if you notice there is something wrong or you’re not back to normal, go see your doctor,” Sandrock said. “We may be struggling with long-haulers in some ways, but there is still a lot we can do to help.”

Oshana said she has found that walking and exercising is still crucial for her — but at a reduced level. For her right now, going too hard can be as bad as doing nothing,

“For people like me, we have to learn to dial back our expectations,” Oshana said. “It’s frustrating and humbling, so maybe take it as a lesson in humility. Do what you can. Listen to your body and not your ego.”

The most important lesson, Oshana said, is that COVID-19 is dangerous for everyone.

“There are people saying you just get over it,” she said. “But you might not get over it. I was not on a ventilator. I was not in the hospital. I was up and around and walking. It seemed like I would be fine, until the new symptoms cropped up.”

And they kept coming. “I was first sick in February and it wasn’t until August that I developed chest pains and stitches in my side,” Oshana said. “You don’t want that to happen to you. Don’t be complacent. Do what doctors tell you to do — wear a mask and keep your distance from people. You just don’t know what might happen.”

More UC Davis LIVE

• See our playlist that includes many other programs focusing on COVID-19.
• UC Davis LIVE will return in January. Look for the link on the UC Davis Facebook page.

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